Tronzo, Four Mediterranean Capitals Published

We are happy to announce the publication of William Tronzo's Four Mediterranean Capitals: Rome, Constantinople, Palermo, Venice. Essays in Architecture and Visual Experience.

Tronzo brings together insights into four major late ancient and medieval capitals — Rome, Constantinople, Palermo, and Venice — to uncover their common visual vocabulary of civic space, architecture, and symbolic meaning. Drawing on decades of his own and others’ previous research and publication, he offers new approaches into well-known urban contexts and architectural settings, delving into the viewer’s experience of mosaic, sculpture, drapery, revetment and stone, of wall, dome, and portal, of street and forum to reexamine how historic buildings helped shape the experience of the civic, the imperial, and the divine manifested in urban life and daily movement.

218 pages, 68 color and b&w images, introduction, notes, bibliography, index.

A new title in Italica’s Studies in Art & History series.

 

Verasani’s Nowhere Fast Published

Italica Press announces its next title in its Italian Crime Writers Series.

 In this second book in the PI Giorgia Cantini series, she investigates the disappearance of Vanessa Liverani, a high-class call girl. There Giorgia uncovers a sordid world of prosperous businessmen, doctors, and lawyers who hire prostitutes for private sex parties. 

Much of Nowhere Fast takes place in Bologna and among the sandstone cliffs of Contrafforte Pliocenico Natural Reserve. But even there, Giorgia fails to find an idyllic existence as she gets to know Vanessa Liverani’s family, whose troubled lives remain rooted in the traditions and rhythms of rural life. Between these two worlds, Vanessa’s young son Willy is trapped, surrounded by family but tragically on his own. 

Meanwhile, Giorgia herself struggles between memories of her unruly and joyous youth and the bitter realities of her adult life. For Giorgia, growing up is a layer of ice slowly spreading over our ability to have strong feelings and authentic personal lives.

Introduction, first English translation. 192 pp.

The Theft (Il Furto) Published

 

We are happy to announce our first publication for 2025:  a new edition, with the first English translation, of the Italian Renaissance comedy The Theft (Il Furto) by Francesco D’Ambra. The Theft was originally performed in Florence in 1544 for the Accademia Fiorentina and for Duke Cosimo I de’ Medici of Florence and subsequently grand duke of Tuscany.  The Theft is the work of an accomplished and revered dramaturge. 

Although performances of dramatic works in Florence often featured intermedi — entr’acte musical compositions — in many cases the music composed for them exists only in fragments. But this play is almost unique in the history of the Italian Renaissance theater and music because the intermedio materials survive in their entirety. 

The volume includes scholarly editions of Francesco D’Ambra’s and Ugo Martelli’s original Italian texts. Vanni Bramanti uses all the relevant primary sources and provides a critical apparatus to the text and an introduction to the playwright and the play. Linda L. Carroll presents an authoritative facing English annotated translation of the text. 

It also offers Alexander Dean’s edition of the entr’acte music and Anthony M. Cummings’ introduction to poet Ugo Martelli’s and composer Francesco Corteccia’s entr’actes. 

The Theft is the latest addition to Italica's series of Renaissance and Modern Plays.

Dual-language drama. Preface, introductions, plot summary, appendix, notes, and bibliography. 324 pages.

Please have a look.

Jaeger’s Medieval Humanism Now Published

Italica Press is pleased to announce the publication of C. Stephen Jaeger’s Medieval Humanism: Collected Essays.

In this volume Jaeger argues that a synthesis of culture from 950 to 1150 emerges from the humanism of the early cathedral schools that proliferated from the second half of the tenth century and from the educational innovations closely tied to the rule of Emperor Otto I, the Great. Its thought and teaching takes its character from the fusion of ancient Roman philosophy and ethical ideals with Christian teachings. Its influence in church and imperial administration is as profound as it is in philosophy, literary style, and social mores. A humanist educated class emerges from these schools that reaches deep into clerical, monastic, and worldly spheres.

These collected essays, some published here for the first time, summarize the past fifty years of Jaeger’s work and thought. Its introduction, revisions, and updates also incorporate other scholars’ research over the past half-century, remove the archival character of standard “collected essays,” and produce a fresh view of a new reinvisioning of European cultural history. These chapters also speak to our own age of rapidly changing cultural and educational values.

Preface, introduction, comprehensive bibliography, notes, index. 510 pages.

This is the latest volume in Italica’s series Studies in Art and History.

Pascoli’s Tamarisks Published

Italica Press is happy to announce the publication of Giovanni Pascoli's Tamarisks, translated by Piero Garofalo. 

Tamarisks (Myricae) is Giovanni Pascoli’s first major collection of verse. Many of its poems center on manifestations of the rural. Nature is at once an interpretation and interpolation of humanity. These compositions explore the countryside, experience the seasons and their alternation, relate the rhythms of agrarian labor, seek the blooming flower, spy the secluded nest. The collection draws on everyday objects, the changing landscape, the Anthropocene, the disenfranchised, and the natural world to explore humanity’s relationship to nature and to the modern world. 

Tamarisks is a liminal text, rooted in the classical lyrical tradition. It heralded the innovations and experimentation of the avant-garde of the early twentieth century. In breaking with the past and articulating a new poetic language, it is a foundational statement for modern Italian poetry. Tamarisks’ poems and sections develop an internal dialogue that reflects the mediation between the poetic voice and external reality. Pascoli’s poetry is a single vast meditation that explores possibilities by engaging in diverse poetic strategies contemporaneously. The lowly tamarisk, at once humble and noble, is always poetry.

This publication joins Italica Press’s already published translation of Pascoli’s Convivial Poems.

Introduction, bibliography, first-line index, and notes, 330 pages.

New Reviews

We’ve recently had reviews of two of our titles that we’ve found especially interesting.

The first is Lorenzo Miletti’s review in Latomus of Rabun Taylor’s Ancient Naples: A Documentary History. Origins to c. 350 CE. He has high praise for the most recently published volume in our Documentary History of Naples series. Miletti lauds Taylor’s research and the scope of his coverage, his command of the written sources and of the most recent archaeological findings, and his ability to synthesize and interpret these for a broad audience of both specialists and more general readers. The review notes the volume’s up-to-date appeal for both an Anglophone and a wider Italian and international audience. Miletti concludes his review with some suggestions for a larger format, color-illustrated edition. Stay tuned.…

The second is Norman Jope’s piece in the latest Tears in the Fence on Ana Ilievska’s and Pietro Russo’s Contemporary Sicilian Poetry: A Multilingual Anthology. Jope has many very good things to say about the volume, its selection of authors and poems, and Ana Ilievska’s translations. He also raises the question of whether such a collection should reflect the universal themes raised by this wide array of authors — and foregrounded by the editors — or focus more closely on specific times, places, and contexts. These are interesting reflections, from a decidedly Anglophone perspective. 

Please have a look at both reviews.

De Marchi’s The Priest's Hat Published

 

We’re please try announce the publication of The Priest’s Hat by Emilio De Marchi, translated by Steve Eaton & Cinzia Russi. This is the newest title in our Italian Crime Writers Series. 

This suspenseful, moving, and darkly ironic tale loosely based on Count Alessandro Faella’s murder of the priest Virgilio Costa in Imola in 1881. Against the background of late nineteenth-century Naples, the novel brings us the meltdown of an aging playboy, Carlo Coriolano, the last baron of a once-wealthy and powerful clan. 

U barone has squandered his inheritance and now can’t support his extravagant tastes. He’s been banned from his club and depends on his loyal, long-suffering housekeeper for pocket change. And if he doesn’t repay an old loan, he’ll soon be in jail. His solution is to lure to his crumbling, mortgaged ancestral estate a greedy old priest, murder him, and then take possession of the priest’s considerable riches. Of course, it all goes wrong, and the priest’s hat takes us through a mirrored maze of guilt and self-deception as the baron attempts to maintain his equanimity and social position.

A precursor of the Italian giallo genre, The Priest’s Hat was first published in 1887 in installments. Echoing the works of Dostoyevsky and Dickens, De Marchi intended this novel as an accessible yet literate exposé of contemporary Italian society with its culture of gossip, rumor, and superstition; of powerful gangs and clergy; of misleading new philosophies; a frivolous, inept, and corrupt media; and an inequitable justice system.

Luis Gómez’s Floods of the Tiber now in English

The Tiber River winds through the center of Rome. In the 16th century, the river was fundamental to the city’s life, providing water supply for drinking, washing, and industrial uses, as well as local fishing. Its rapid current powered Rome’s grain mills, which ground the flour that was the basis of its food supply. The Tiber was also the depository for tons of sewage and other refuse that the city generated daily. Yet, just as the river supported Rome’s life, it also threatened it. 

Since antiquity, the Tiber had flooded periodically, often with devastating consequences. With the city’s growing population clustered in the low-lying flood plain near the riverbanks and the increasing severity of events due to climate change, the Tiber flood of October 8, 1530 was catastrophic. It was also a bitter sequel to the traumatic Sack of Rome of May 1527.

Luis Gómez’s The Floods of the Tiber of 1531 was motivated and informed by his own experience of this disaster. It bears eloquent witness to how he used his humanist methods and scholarship to cope with personal and community crisis. Gómez provides an eyewitness account of this major environmental disaster and an example of how contemporaries analyzed the causes and consequences of such events. 

This translation by Chiara Bariviera, Pamela O. Long, and William L. North is a collective effort of different expertises ranging from Roman archaeology and topography to late ancient, medieval, and early modern history of science, technology, urbanism, and culture. 

The editors have produced a clear, accurate, and readable English version of the original 1531 Latin edition — here also transcribed in full for the first time — accompanied by an informative introduction, expert annotations, and comprehensive bibliography.

176 pages, 17 illustrations, introduction,
notes, bibliography, index.

 

Carolina Invernizio’s The Modern Sinner Published

 

Italica Press is happy to announce the next title in our Italian Crime Writers Series. 

Carolina Invernizio’s The Modern Sinner opens with a crime that will haunt the narrative and its characters beyond the last page. Invernizio creates the aristocratic femme fatale and worldly seductress named Sultana, who plays with men, bewitching them onto paths of dissolution and betrayal. Invernizio’s men are too frail to escape her or too unaware to notice her deviousness. Husbands and lovers become victims and pawns to her charms. 

As Sultana’s arch-nemesis, Invernizio invents a vengeance-seeking country girl, Anna Maria, who weaves a dangerous web to entrap her prey — a web dangerous for herself as well as for everyone else involved. 

One of the earliest examples of the serialized female crime novel, The Modern Sinner is a masterpiece of the genre. Its twists and turns entrance from chapter to chapter as the reader follows the shifting fates of two women engaged in mortal combat, each one hiding her calculations and objectives. 

Translated from the Italian, with an introduction, by Andrew Edwards.

Introduction. 258 pages.

A New Title in Italica's Italian Crime Writers Series

Contemporary Sicilian Poetry published.

Italica Press is happy to announce the publication of a new anthology of Sicilian poets. Contemporary Sicilian Poetry: A Multilingual Anthology spans six generations of poets born in Sicily beginning in the 1940s. Fifty-five authors, many still living and working there, are represented from a wide variety of regions, some writing in Sicilian and others writing primarily in Italian. 

Ana Ilievska and Pietro Russo have selected the poets and characteristic examples of their work. The translations from Italian to English by Ana Ilievska are presented on facing pages. Poems in Sicilian include an Italian version below the Sicilian text. 

In his introduction to the volume, Antonio Sichera, professor of Contemporary Italian Literature at the University of Catania, asks “whether there really is such a category as contemporary Sicilian poetry.” 

The editors answer this question affirmatively. The poets in this anthology share a flow of verse that moves through lyrical eruptions and layers of silence. Under these, if one listens well, one can sense an energy that breaks into the fabric of everyday life. 

Foreword, introduction, notes, appendices.

Multilingual Sicilian/Italian/English poetry. 492 pp. 

 

Deledda’s Modernist Masterpiece now in English Translation

Italica Press continues it publication of the works of Nobel Prize winner Grazia Deledda with The Dance of the Necklace, translated with an introduction by May Ann Frese Witt and Martha Witt.

In The Dance of the Necklace, Grazia Deledda moves away from the countryside of her native Sardinia to create a classically modern, urban narrative. Writing in a more spare, experimental style, she uncovers the “vain anguish of our strongest passions: love, ambition, and the instinct to appear more than what we are.” 

A pearl necklace symbolizes the “dance” of jealousy, greed, and love, both erotic and familial, which unites and divides the three main characters: an aunt and her niece who share the same name and a young count seeking to regain his family’s bartered string of pearls. 

An innocent deception turns on itself to explore the nature of the double and the mask: two topoi of modernity. Like Virginia Woolf, Doris Lessing, and Annie Ernaux, Deledda delves into what it means to be a woman, alone and aging, living in a world where she is increasingly unwanted and invisible despite her lingering desires. 

According to the critic Margherita Heyer-Caput,the novel is one of Deledda’s “most conscious and disquieting expressions of modernity.” It challenges the labels often applied to this writer and overturns established critical categories to question margin–center hierarchies applied to her work. The Dance of the Necklace is a remarkable and rare example of Deledda’s modernism.

First English translation of La Danza della Collana (1924), with an introduction, by Mary Ann Frese Witt and Martha Witt.

Introduction, notes, bibliography.
124 pages.

 

Lavin, More Than Meets the Eye, Published

We are happy to announce the publication of Irving Lavin’s More than Meets the Eye, edited by Marilyn Aronberg Lavin. In 2004, Irving Lavin gave the six lectures that make up this book. They were delivered at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC, as part of the Andrew W. Mellon Lectures in the Fine Arts.

This book’s subtitle, “Irony, Paradox, and Metaphor in the History of Art,” contains terms associated with rhetoric, oratory, and literature. Such terms ready the reader to meet ideas that lie beyond, under, over, and around the works to be considered. Lavin thus uncovers – within the artist’s intellectual and emotional tool box – meanings not usually associated with static and stable visual images, namely “figures of speech” set forth in visual form. The aim of this book is to unveil this inner life, the mysterious “more” offered by the visual artist. 

Marilyn Aronberg Lavin has now assembled, edited, and updated these lectures, their notes and bibliography to present a comprehensive collection of richly illustrated essays. This follows upon her previous edition of Irving Lavin’s Slade Lectures at Oxford, published by Italica Press in 2020 as The Art of Commemoration in the Renaissance.

352 pages, preface, notes, bibliography, index.
302 black-and-white and color figures.

Art history, history, cultural studies,
Italian Renaissance & Baroque studies. 

Pascoli’s Convivial Poems now in dual-language translation

Italica Press is pleased to announce the publication of a new dual-language edition of Giovanni Pascoli’s Convivial Poems, translated by Elena Borelli and James Ackhurst.

Giovanni Pascoli (1855–1912) is renowned as one of the founders of modern Italian poetry. Embodying the Zeitgeist of fin-de-siècle Italy, his works are inspired by French Symbolism and Decadentism. They also draw on the classical tradition so alive in Italian culture. His unique poetic voice is filled with traditional metrical forms, an uncanny use of onomatopoeic language, and a multilingual vocabulary. He fills his depiction of nature with haunting images and a disquieting sensitivity. 

Convivial Poems (Poemi Conviviali) is named for Il Convito, the literary journal where these poems first appeared. The collection represents one of Pascoli’s highest achievements. Like T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land, James Joyce’s Ulysses, and contemporary post-modernist works, it revisits the classical world to draw new symbols for the modern condition. 

Convivial Poems consists of twenty poems, with facing Italian and English, each devoted to a classical figure, fictional or historical. Ulysses, Helen of Troy, and Alexander the Great, among others, are the protagonists of these stories, but they are also signifiers for themes such as desire and the quest for identity in a modern universe deprived of God. Exquisitely written in a language that at times replicates the forms of Latin and Greek, these poems encode the past into the present and blend the old and the new in a vibrant modernist style.

“One of the greatest poets of all times.” — Seamus Heaney

Introduction, notes, glossary, 
dual-language poetry. 332 pp.

Italian Crime Writers

We’re happy to say that our new Italian Crime Writers Series continues to grow and has started to receive some nice reviews. 

A Conspiracy of Talkers, by Gaetano Savatteri, gets a fine review by Andrew and Suzanne Edwards in the 10 September 2021 issue of Times of Sicily. 

Agony, by Federico De Roberto, is reviewed by David Hebblethwaite in the August 22, 2021 issue of David’s Book World. 

The first volume in the series, Quo Vadis, Baby?, by Grazia Verasani, has already received high praise by Jeanne Bonner in the December 2018 issue of Three Percent.

All these titles are available in hardcover, paperback, and digital editions, at very reasonable prices. Please investigate!

Irving Lavin’s Art of Commemoration Published

We are happy to announce the publication of Irving Lavin’s The Art of Commemoration in the Renaissance. 

In the early 1980s, Irving Lavin was invited to deliver The Slade Lectures at Oxford University, and he took it as an opportunity to develop an idea he had long considered but never articulated: that the Italian fifteenth-century revival of ancient art was an outward sign of fundamental changes in humanity’s perception of the inner self. The change started when the individual emerged from the Middle Ages and began to exhibit a previously unknown awareness of the past as opposed to the present. The individual became a person who could make choices about existence on the basis of a new internal consciousness.

What the Renaissance called the “new man” chose what he saw in the classical world as of a higher culture and, having absorbed and transformed it, adopted it. The new mode of being not only transformed human actions, it also became the basis for a new manifestation in the arts in a style we term “Renaissance.”

To develop this idea, in what Irving Lavin called The Art of Commemoration in the Renaissance, he studied the Renaissance contribution under several rubrics that form the basis of this collection. Revising and developing through the years and until his death in 2019, Irving Lavin continued to expand, contract, and update this extravagant array of objects and ideas. Chapters include:

1. Memory and the Sense of Self: On the Role of Memory in Psychological Theory from Antiquity to Giambattista Vico
2. On the Sources and Meaning of the Renaissance Portrait Bust
3. On Illusion and Allusion in Italian Sixteenth-Century Portrait Busts
4. Great Men Past and Present
5. Equestrian Monuments: The Indomitable Horseman
6. Collective Commemoration and the Family Chapel.

These essays have now been edited in their final form, with updated notes and bibliography, by Marilyn Aronberg Lavin. Please have a look here.

 

New Italian Voices Published

We are happy to announce the publication of New Italian Voices, a major new collection of Italian writers from India and Syria, Eastern Europe, North and sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and Italy, edited and translated by Cinzia Sartini Blum and Deborah L. Contrada. They have brought together a group of accomplished, award-winning authors of growing international acclaim. New Italian Voices is an eclectic and vibrant collection of poetry, short stories, essays, theater, and prose by twenty authors from fifteen countries writing today in Italy, in Italian.   

Over the past three decades, Italy has become a destination for people driven from their homelands by economic, political, and cultural forces. The resulting demographic and social changes have largely been defined negatively by Italian media. Scaremongering headlines paint a picture of assault on the Italian coasts, a mass invasion disassociated from news about the labor market and linked instead to growing concerns about security.  

Excluded and objectified in political, legal, and media narratives, migrants challenge those discourses with literary narratives, and their new voices offer a variety of transnational experiences and transcultural sensibilities, exemplifying a broad range of themes and literary strategies. Please have a look at http://www.italicapress.com/index517.html!

Contarini’s “From Cyprus to Lepanto” Published

We are happy to announce the publication of Giovanni Pietro Contarini’s From Cyprus to Lepanto, edited and translated by Kiril Petkov.

At Lepanto, on the morning of October 7, 1571, two massive fleets joined battle at the rocks of Curzolari at the entrance of the Gulf of Patras, off the coast of western Greece. The armada of the Holy League, a coalition of Venetian, Spanish, and papal vessels, augmented with squadrons from the duchies of Tuscany, Savoy, Parma, and Urbino, the Knights Hospitaller of Malta, the Republic of Genoa, and other Christian allies, confronted a comparable Ottoman naval force augmented with North African corsairs.

More than 450 heavily armed galleys with over 150,000 sailors, oarsmen, and soldiers clashed in a short but fierce fight. Little quarter was sought, or given, by either side. In terms of hardware, manpower, and logistics, it was the largest-ever encounter of oared vessels of the pre-modern world. The Battle of Lepanto was the peak of the war between the Ottomans and the Mediterranean Christian powers.

In the chorus of eyewitness and contemporary accounts of the battle and the events that led to it, Giovanni Pietro Contarini’s History of the Events, which occurred from the Beginning of the War Brought against the Venetians by Selim the Ottoman, to the Day of the Great and Victorious Battle against the Turks holds the pride of place. Published in 1572, a few months after Lepanto, the History is the first comprehensive account of the war, and the only one to attempt a concise but complete overview of its course and the Holy League’s triumph.

Kiril Petkov provides the first complete English translation of Contarini’s History. His introduction places it within its historical context of international diplomacy and war, ideological conflict, and individual agency.

188 pp., illustrated, introduction, annotated English translation, glossary, bibliography, index. History, Mediterranean Studies

Gardiner’s Greek & Roman Hell Published

This December saw the publication of Greek & Roman Hell, the latest volume in Eileen Gardiner’s series, Hell-on-Line, a comprehensive collection of over 100 visions, tours and descriptions of the infernal otherworld from the cultures of the world: principally from the Hindu, Buddhist, Christian, Zoroastrian, Islamic and Jewish traditions from 2000 BCE to the present. 

The literary texts of the ancient Mediterranean present a fairly clear picture of an underworld and bear witness to the changes in its nature and purpose. The strong stamp of Hesiod and Homer defines the geography and inhabitants of later underworld descriptions. Plato and the mystery religions leave their mark on the genre, while satirical and comic works provide us with a different perspective on ancient beliefs. 

Works written during the long interval between the Iliad and the Odyssey (c.700 BCE) and the works of Lucian of Samosata (2nd century CE) span almost a millennium and show a remarkable consistency in terms of the underworld’s physical features and denizens. They also provide a backdrop to the significant changes in Greco-Roman understandings of the nature of the soul and thus of the fate of the dead in the otherworld. 

This anthology includes seventeen texts that range from epic poems by Homer and Virgil to plays by Aristophanes and Seneca, dialogues by Plato, satirical pieces by Lucian of Samosata, to novels and narrative poems. It provides a comprehensive overview of the nature of Greek and Roman hell.

Seventeen texts, 168 pages. Preface, introduction, glossary, notes, bibliography & web resources. Illustrated.

The Miracles and Translatio of Saint James

We are happy to announce the publication of The Miracles and Translatio of Saint James: Books Two and Three of the Liber Sancti Jacobi, translated, with an introduction, commentaries and notes by Thomas F. Coffey and Maryjane Dunn

The pilgrimage route to Compostela is graced with an exceptional witness from its early days: the Liber Sancti Jacobi or Book of Saint James. This book is found most famously in a twelfth-century manuscript from the library of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, as well as in various other manuscripts. The text provides an encyclopedia on Saint James the Great and on the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela, the traditional site of his burial in Galicia in northwestern Spain.  

Of the five books included in the manuscript, Books II and III, published here in English translation, deal directly with the cult surrounding Saint James. In twenty-two chapters, Book II recounts twenty-five of the miracles attributed to the saint after his death. These occurred across a wide geographic area between the years 1100 and 1135. Although these represent a limited period, it is a very important one in the development of the cult of Saint James and the establishment of his cult site at Compostela.  

Book III gathers elements from a variety of sources and weaves them together into a prologue and four chapters describing the transfer of Saint James’s body to Santiago de Compostela from the Holy Land, where legend says he was beheaded by Herod. 

Together these two books of the Liber Sancti Jacobi provide a comprehensive description of the power and importance of the saint, reflecting his significance and the significance of Santiago de Compostela as one of the three major Christian pilgrimage sites during the Middle Ages. 

This new title is part of the ongoing Italica Press Compostela Project, designed to publish in English translation, all five books of the Codex Calixtinus. 

230 pages. Preface, introduction, notes, bibliography, index, and illustrations. 

New Review for Edson Edition of Buondelmonti

Evelyn Edson’s new edition of Cristoforo Buondelmonti's Description of the Aegean and Other Islands has just received a very good review from Bert Johnson, vice president of the Washington Map Society, writing in the most recent issue of The Portolan.

Among the many things Johnson and The Portolan liked were the “precise reproduction of the manuscript itself (43 pages recto and verso, for a total of 86 pages). The beauty of the hand colored manuscripts and the maps they contain is striking. The maps are large and handsomely colored, accompanied by commentary on the history and current status of the island.… there follows an easier-to-read transcription of the text. This is followed by an English translation of the text…. The work closes with an extensive bibliography and index.… Evelyn Edson has done a magnificent job of ensuring that the reader will have full access to all that Buondelmonti has to offer, in both text and illustration. For his part, Buondelmonti has been fortunate in having his work examined by such a skilled exponent.”

Please have a look!